Kamus Demografi Pelbagai Bahasa, Edisi Kedua, Volum Bahasa Malaysia

Penolak tuntutan : Penaja Demopaedia tidak semestinya bersetuju dengan kesemua definisi yang terkandung dalam Kamus versi ini. Pengharmonian edisi kedua Kamus Demografi Pelbagai Bahasa adalah suatu proses berterusan. Sila rujuk laman perbincangan untuk komen selanjutnya.

930

A population policy (105-2) is a series of measures taken by public authorities to influence the trend of population change, or principles offered as a basis for such measures. A distinction is made between populationist¹ policies designed to increase the population, to accelerate its rate of growth or to check actual or incipient population decline or depopulation², and population control³ policies for the purpose of checking population growth or reducing the rate of population increase. Among the former, pronatalist⁴ policies, which attempt to increase the birth rate (332-1), are particularly important. In contrast to pronatalist policies, there are antinatalist⁵ policies, which are designed to reduce the frequency of births. Population policy may also include a component of population redistribution policy⁶ designed to influence the territorial distribution of population, as well as a component of Templat:NewTextTerm. Templat:NewTextTerm, which aims to reduce morbidity (420-1) and mortality (401-1), is an other component of population policy.

• 3. Also called Malthusian policies. See 906-1.

931

In many countries allowances¹, benefits¹ or grants² are given to the parents of children. In general an allowance is a sum of money which is paid periodically, whereas a grant is paid on a single occasion only. Family allowance³ or children’s allowance³ denotes a sum of money paid regularly to parents with a specified number of children. In many fiscal systems, tax rebates⁴ are granted in respect of dependent children. Other monetary benefits paid in some countries include maternity grants⁵ or birth grants⁵ which are paid upon the birth of a child, pre-natal allowances⁶ paid to expectant mothers during pregnancy, and on occasion marriage loans⁷ granted to newly-married couples in order to assist them in setting up a household.

932

Many other public measures, such as housing programs or measures in the field of public health¹, may have an impact on demographic phenomena. The provision of services for pregnant women such as pre-natal clinics² and for parturient (603-4*) women may help in reducing late foetal, infant and maternal mortality (cf. 410, 411, 413, and 424-5). Services which are primarily designed to help the mother are called maternity services³; those meant to assist the child are infant welfare services⁴ or child welfare services⁴.

933

Population programs¹ designed to reduce fertility in developing countries have included family-planning education² and family-planning services³, either alone or in association with health programs⁴ and social welfare programs⁵, particularly maternal and child health programs⁶ designed to reduce mortality. Some countries have attempted to resort to incentives⁷ and disincentives⁸ of various kinds to elicit the motivation to use family limitation; social pressures⁹ and legal sanctions¹⁰ against disapproved fertility behavior are also encountered. The English term "Templat:NewTextTerm" is used untranslated in some countries, especially Germany. In this specific context, it refers to the dissemination of information (in schools and other contexts) about the impact of individual reproductive behavior on broader society.