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Kamus Demografi Pelbagai Bahasa, Edisi Kedua, Volum Bahasa Malaysia

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A {{NonRefTerm|population policy}} ({{RefNumber|10|5|2}}) is a series of measures taken by public authorities to influence the trend of population change, or principles offered as a basis for such measures. A distinction is made between {{TextTerm|populationist|1|930}} policies designed to increase the population, to accelerate its rate of growth or to check actual or incipient population decline or {{TextTerm|depopulation|2|930}}, and {{TextTerm|population control|3|930|OtherIndexEntry=control, population}} policies for the purpose of checking population growth or reducing the rate of population increase. Among the former, {{TextTerm|pronatalist|4|930}} policies, which attempt to increase the {{NonRefTerm|birth rate}} ({{RefNumber|33|2|1}}), are particularly important. In contrast to pronatalist policies, there are {{TextTerm|antinatalist|5|930}} policies, which are designed to reduce the frequency of births. Population policy may also include a component of {{TextTerm|population redistribution policy|6|930|IndexEntry=population redistribution}} designed to influence the territorial distribution of population, as well as a component of {{NewTextTerm|migration policy|7|930}}. {{NewTextTerm|Health policy|8|930}}, which aims to reduce {{NonRefTerm|morbidity}} ({{RefNumber|42|0|1}}) and {{NonRefTerm|mortality}} ({{RefNumber|40|1|1}}), is an other component of {{NonRefTerm|population policy}}.
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{{NonRefTerm|Dasar kependudukan}} ({{RefNumber|10|5|2}}) adalah langkah yang diambil oleh kerajaan bagi mempengaruhi trend perubahan penduduk. Perbezaan dibuat antara dasar {{TextTerm|pendukung pertambahan penduduk|1|930}} yang dibentuk untuk menambah bilangan penduduk, meningkatkan kadar pertumbuhan penduduk atau mengawal penurunan kadar pertumbuhan penduduk atau {{TextTerm|pengurangan penduduk|2|930}}, dan dasar {{TextTerm|kawalan penduduk|3|930|OtherIndexEntry=kawalan, penduduk}} bagi tujuan mengawal pertumbuhan penduduk atau mengurangkan kadar pertambahan penduduk. Dasar-dasar {{TextTerm|pronatalis|4|930}} yang bertujuan untuk menambah {{NonRefTerm|kadar kelahiran}} ({{RefNumber|33|2|1}}) adalah penting. Di sebalik dasar-dasar pronatalis, terdapat juga dasar-dasar {{TextTerm|antinatalis|5|930}} yang dibentuk untuk mengurangkan bilangan kelahiran. Dasar kependudukan harus memasukkan komponen {{TextTerm|dasar penyusunan semula penduduk|6|930|IndexEntry=penyusunan semula penduduk}} yang bertujuan untuk menyusun penduduk di dalam sesuatu kawasan, sepertimana komponen {{TextTerm|dasar migrasi|7|930}}. {{TextTerm|Dasar kesihatan|8|930}} yang bertujuan untuk mengurangkan {{NonRefTerm|morbiditi}} ({{RefNumber|42|0|1}}) dan {{NonRefTerm|kematian}} ({{RefNumber|40|1|1}}) adalah satu komponen lain dalam {{NonRefTerm|dasar kependudukan}}.
{{Note|3| Also called {{NoteTerm|Malthusian}} policies. See {{RefNumber|90|6|1}}.}}
 
  
 
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Semakan pada 02:19, 1 September 2012


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930

Dasar kependudukan (105-2) adalah langkah yang diambil oleh kerajaan bagi mempengaruhi trend perubahan penduduk. Perbezaan dibuat antara dasar pendukung pertambahan penduduk1 yang dibentuk untuk menambah bilangan penduduk, meningkatkan kadar pertumbuhan penduduk atau mengawal penurunan kadar pertumbuhan penduduk atau pengurangan penduduk2, dan dasar kawalan penduduk3 bagi tujuan mengawal pertumbuhan penduduk atau mengurangkan kadar pertambahan penduduk. Dasar-dasar pronatalis4 yang bertujuan untuk menambah kadar kelahiran (332-1) adalah penting. Di sebalik dasar-dasar pronatalis, terdapat juga dasar-dasar antinatalis5 yang dibentuk untuk mengurangkan bilangan kelahiran. Dasar kependudukan harus memasukkan komponen dasar penyusunan semula penduduk6 yang bertujuan untuk menyusun penduduk di dalam sesuatu kawasan, sepertimana komponen dasar migrasi7. Dasar kesihatan8 yang bertujuan untuk mengurangkan morbiditi (420-1) dan kematian (401-1) adalah satu komponen lain dalam dasar kependudukan.

931

In many countries allowances1, benefits1 or grants2 are given to the parents of children. In general an allowance is a sum of money which is paid periodically, whereas a grant is paid on a single occasion only. Family allowance3 or children’s allowance3 denotes a sum of money paid regularly to parents with a specified number of children. In many fiscal systems, tax rebates4 are granted in respect of dependent children. Other monetary benefits paid in some countries include maternity grants5 or birth grants5 which are paid upon the birth of a child, pre-natal allowances6 paid to expectant mothers during pregnancy, and on occasion marriage loans7 granted to newly-married couples in order to assist them in setting up a household.

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Many other public measures, such as housing programs or measures in the field of public health1, may have an impact on demographic phenomena. The provision of services for pregnant women such as pre-natal clinics2 and for parturient (603-4*) women may help in reducing late foetal, infant and maternal mortality (cf. 410, 411, 413, and 424-5). Services which are primarily designed to help the mother are called maternity services3; those meant to assist the child are infant welfare services4 or child welfare services4.

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Population programs1 designed to reduce fertility in developing countries have included family-planning education2 and family-planning services3, either alone or in association with health programs4 and social welfare programs5, particularly maternal and child health programs6 designed to reduce mortality. Some countries have attempted to resort to incentives7 and disincentives8 of various kinds to elicit the motivation to use family limitation; social pressures9 and legal sanctions10 against disapproved fertility behavior are also encountered. The English term "Templat:NewTextTerm" is used untranslated in some countries, especially Germany. In this specific context, it refers to the dissemination of information (in schools and other contexts) about the impact of individual reproductive behavior on broader society.

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Bab: Prakata | 1. Konsep umum | 2. Pengurusan dan pemprosesan statistik penduduk | 3. Taburan dan klasifikasi penduduk | 4. Kematian dan morbiditi | 5. Perkahwinan | 6. Kesuburan | 7. Pertambahan dan penggantian penduduk | 8. Mobiliti ruangan | 9. Aspek ekonomi dan sosial demografi
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