Kamus Demografi Pelbagai Bahasa, Edisi Kedua, Volum Bahasa Malaysia

Penolak tuntutan : Penaja Demopaedia tidak semestinya bersetuju dengan kesemua definisi yang terkandung dalam Kamus versi ini. Pengharmonian edisi kedua Kamus Demografi Pelbagai Bahasa adalah suatu proses berterusan. Sila rujuk laman perbincangan untuk komen selanjutnya.

901

Sebahagian daripada teori kependudukan (105-1) memberikan perhatian kepada faktor dan kesan trend penduduk dari sudut sosial dan ekonomi. Penggunaan teori kependudukan pada masa lalu sebahagian besarnya tertumpu pada hubungan antara jumlah penduduk dan sumber alam¹, sebagai contoh cara untuk mengekalkan penduduk atau pengeluaran², penciptaan barangan dan perkhidmatan. Akhir-akhir ini, penekanan telah berubah kepada hubungan antara pertambahan penduduk (701-1) dan komponennya, dan pertumbuhan ekonomi (903-1), khususnya merujuk kepada penggunaan³, simpanan⁴, pelaburan⁵ and pasaran buruh⁶.

902

Hubungan antara saiz penduduk dan sumber alam telah membawa kepada konsep lebihan penduduk¹ dan kekurangan penduduk². Istilah-istilah ini ditakrifkan hanya pada suatu tahap pembangunan³ yang tetap. When neither a larger nor a smaller population would yield advantages, there is said to be an optimum population⁴, sometimes briefly called an optimum⁴. The advantages yielded may be economic in character and in that case it is an economic optimum⁵. The discussion of economic optima generally proceeds in terms of economic welfare but, as this is difficult to ascertain empirically, the level of living⁶ or standard of living⁶ is sometimes substituted. This is approximated by the real national income per capita⁷ i.e., the total amount of goods and services produced in a particular period (or its equivalent in money income adjusted for variation in purchasing power) divided by the total population during the period.

• 1. Overpopulation, n. - overpopulated, adj.
• 2. Underpopulation, n. - underpopulated, adj.
• 5. Some writers have used the concept of a power optimum and a social optimum as well as of an economic optimum.
• 6. The expression "standard of living" is restricted by some economists to mean an accepted goal or recognized set of needs, as constrasted with the level of living actually attained. Others use these terms interchangeably.
• 7. Other measures such as the gross national product per capita, are also used. "Per capita", although grammatically incorrect, is used in place of the expression "per head".

903

Economists have emphasized the dynamic relations between economic growth¹ or economic development¹ and rates of population growth and changes in population structure; they are less interested today in the static concept of an optimum size, than in the dynamic concept of the optimum rate of growth² of population, i.e., the rate of growth which will be consistent with the maximum rate of increase of the level of living. These relations are of particular concern in countries with a low level of living, which have come to be called less developed countries³ or developing countries³.

• 3. Also: underdeveloped countries or low-income countries. They are commonly contrasted with the developed countries, or more developed countries.

904

The maximum population¹ of a territory, sometimes called its carrying capacity¹, is generally understood in an absolute sense to mean the largest number of persons that could be sustained under specified conditions; but is sometimes used to denote the largest number that could be supported at an assumed standard of living. Conversely, the minimum population² is generally taken to be the smallest number of persons in an area which is consistent with group survival³.

905

The term population pressure¹ is linked to concepts relating the size of the population and the resources (901-1) available. To say that this pressure is strong or weak in a certain area is to suggest that the population of the area is near or far from the maximum consistent with the resources which are available. According to Malthusian population theory², so called after its originator, Thomas Malthus, there will inevitably be pressure of population on the means of subsistence³. Any change in the volume of available means of subsistence would generate population growth (701-1) until population equilibrium⁴ would again be attained when the level of living had reached a subsistence level⁵, i.e., a level just sufficient to maintain life. The equilibrium would be maintained by the elimination of any Templat:NewTextTerm either through positive checks⁶, sometimes known as Malthusian checks⁶ (famine, pestilence and war), or through the preventive check⁷ of moral restraint⁸ consisting of postponement of marriage⁹, coupled with abstinence from sexual relations before marriage.

• 6. and 7. The terms positive check and preventive check in English are generally used only with reference to the doctrines of Malthus.

906

Although the term Malthusianism¹ originally refers to the theories of Malthus, it is often used today to denote the doctrine that a check in the rate of population growth is desirable. Neo-Malthusianism², whilst accepting the desirability of checking population growth, advocates that such restriction should be achieved through the use of birth control methods (627-3).

• 1. Malthusianism, n. - Malthusian, adj.: conforming to the doctrines of Malthus. The terms are sometimes used mistakenly to refer to the advocacy of family planning programs to solve economic problems.

907

The process of transition from a situation in which both fertility and mortality were relatively high to one in which they are relatively low which has been observed in many countries, is called the demographic transition¹ or population transition¹. In the process of moving from a pre-transitional stage² to a post-transitional stage³, there is typically a lag between the declines of mortality and fertility, so that a stage of transitional growth⁴ of population results. Economists have studied changes in productivity⁵, i.e., production per member of the labor force, or per head of the population, associated with this transitional period.

• 1. Sometimes called the vital revolution. A further distinction is made between the fertility transition and the mortality transition. The theory of the demographic transition associates historical changes in vital rates with socio-economic transformations attending the process of industrialization and urbanization.