Kamus Demografi Pelbagai Bahasa, Edisi Kedua, Volum Bahasa Malaysia

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801

Kajian mengenai mobiliti spatial¹ atau mobiliti geografi¹ memberi perhatian kepada aspek kuantitatif bagi pergerakan² yang dilakukan oleh individu. Ciri-ciri migrasi³ yang ketara adalah ia melibatkan perubahan pada tempat tinggal biasa (310-6*) dan merujuk kepada pergerakan merentasi sempadan pentadbiran. Unit pentadbiran yang ditinggalkan oleh migran adalah tempat asal⁴ atau tempat pelepasan⁴; unit di mana migran pergi adalah tempat destinasi⁵ atau tempat ketibaan⁵. Konsep migrasi kebiasaannya tidak diaplikasikan kepada pergerakan yang dilakukan oleh seseorang tanpa tempat tinggal yang tetap, sebagai contoh, orang nomad dikeluarkan daripada pengiraan migran di kebanyakan negara. Kadangkala, sukar untuk membezakan antara migrasi yang merujuk kepada peruabhan yang kekal pada tempat tinggal, dan pergerakan sementara⁶, kecuali pada kriteria asas bagi tempoh ketiadaan⁷ daripada tempat asal atau tempat jangkamasa tinggal⁸ di kawasan destinasi. Umumnya, mobiliti geografi tidak memasukkan trip tempoh singkat yang melibatkan tiada perubahan pada tempat tinggal yang biasa, walaupun pergerakan tersebut layak untuk dikaji kerana kepentingan ekonomi dan sosialnya. Perjalanan ulang-alik⁹ yang melibatkan perjalanan harian atau mingguan daripada tempat tinggal ke tempat kerja atau sekolah; pergerakan bermusim¹⁰ ° pula mempunyai keberkalaan tahunan. Transit¹¹ iaitu pergerakan merentasi sempadan untuk tiba di destinasi, tidak termasuk dalam migrasi yang merujuk kepada sempadan yang direntasi. Trafik pelancong¹² atau bercuti¹² juga tidak termasuk dalam mobiliti geografi.

802

Apabila migrasi diperhatikan mengikut masa, ia adalah mudah untuk membandingkan antara tempat tinggal pada tarikh lepas yang tetap¹ atau tempat tinggal yang lepas² dan tempat tinggal semasa³. Individu yang mempunyai unit pentadbiran yang berbeza pada permulaan dan penghujung selang tertentu dikenalpasti sebagai migran⁴. Migran boleh diklasifikasikan sebagai emigran⁵ atau migran keluar⁵ yang merujuk kepada tempat asal mereka dan imigran⁶ atau migran masuk⁶ yang merujuk kepada tempat tinggal semasa mereka. Apabila banci atau kajian mempunyai soalan berkenaan tempat tinggal yang lepas², maklumat tersebut memberikan perhatian terhadap migrasi terkini⁷ atau perubahan terkini tempat tinggal⁷ tanpa mengambilkira faktor masa. Migran adalah individu yang mempunyai sekurang-kurangnya satu tempat tinggal sebelum di unit pentadbiran yang berbeza daripada tempat tinggal semasanya, seperti individu boleh dianggap telah berhijrah masuk⁸ ke tempat tinggal semasa, dan berhijrah keluar⁹ daripada tempat tinggal asal. Migran seumur hidu¹¹ adalah seseorang yang mempunyai tempat kelahiran¹⁰ di unit pentadbiran yang berbeza daripada tempat tinggal semasa.

803

Penduduk di negara yang berdaulat (305-3) mungkin terlibat dalam migrasi dalaman¹ apabila kedua-dua tempat pelepasan (801-4) dan tempat destinasi (801-5) adalah dalam lingkungan negara, atau terlibat dalam migrasi antarabangsa² yang berlaku merentasi sempadan negara. Istilah migrasi luaran³ kadangkala ditakrifkan dalam erti kata yang lebih luas. Migrasi antarabangsa dipanggil imigrasi⁴ atau emigrasi⁵ mengikut sama ada negara tersebut adalah negara destinasi atau negara asal. Apabila negara dipecahkan kepada beberapa sub-kawasan, pergerakan dalam sempadan bagi setiap sub-kawasan adalah pergerakan tempatan⁶ dan membentuk mobiliti kediaman⁶, sementara pergerakan antara sub-kawasan dipanggil migrasi masuk⁷ atau migrasi keluar⁸ bergantung kepada sama ada sub-kawasan tersebut adalah tempat destinasi atau tempat asal bagi migran. Arus migrasi⁹ adalah sekumpulan migran yang mempunyai asal dan destinasi yang sama. Arus migrasi yang besar dipanggil arus dominan¹⁰ dan arus migrasi yang lebih kecil dipanggil arus songsang¹¹.

804

When an individual migrates several times during a certain period, his or her moves may be distinguished according to the order of migration¹. The duration of residence² or duration of stay² refers either to the interval between the arrival in a place and the subsequent departure for another destination or to the interval since the most recent move. Return migration³ involves movement back either to the initial area, or to any previous place of residence. Repeat migration⁴ or chronic migration⁴ refers to a tendency to migrate several times over a relatively short time interval. Rural-urban migration⁵ sometimes takes the form of serial migration⁶, stage migration⁶ or step migration⁶, as migrants tend to move to large cities as a final place of destination by a series of shorter, intermediate migrations to cities or areas of successively larger size.

805

The contribution of migration (801-3) to overall population growth (701-1) is due to net migration², i.e., the difference between the number of arrivals³ and the number of departures⁴. Net migration can have a negative or a positive sign; net immigration⁵ or net in-migration⁵ is used when arrivals exceed departures, and net emigration⁶ or net out-migration⁶ when the opposite is true. The sum of arrivals and departures in a country can be used to measure the volume of migration⁷. A similar concept, applied to sub-areas of a country, is the migration turnover⁸. The net stream⁹ or net interchange⁹ of migration between two areas is defined as the difference between the stream (803-9) and the counterstream (803-11), whereas the gross interchange¹⁰ is the sum of stream and counterstream.

806

Spontaneous migration¹, voluntary migration¹ or free migration¹ is the result of the initiative and free choice of the migrants. In the absence of concerted action, the movement is referred to as individual migration². When entire families are moving together, the term family migration³ is sometimes encountered. Secondary migration⁴ or ancillary migration⁴ is induced by the movement of others, as when children follow the head of the family. An example of such migration is family reunification9, which pertains to the migration of family members, including children, of the family head. The movement of workers or of members of the labor force in response to employment opportunities is referred to as labor migration⁵. Moves occurring as a result of marriage and when individuals retire from the labor force are sometimes referred to respectively as marriage migration⁶ or retirement migration⁷. Templat:NewTextTerm or Templat:NewTextTerm refers to a pattern of migration to specific places of destination, where a prospective migrant has a relative (114-3*) or friend who has established a residence and is willing to provide information and support.

807

Where groups of individuals or families decide to migrate together collective migration¹ or group migration¹ will result. Mass migration² involves a very large number of migrants. The term exodus³ may be used for a sudden mass migration caused by some emergency or catastrophe.

808

Voluntary migration (806-1) contrasts with forced migration¹, in which individuals are compelled by public authorities to move. Repatriation² applies to forced return of individuals to their country of origin. Another example of forced migration is the expulsion³ from their places of abode either of individuals or of whole groups of people. The term evacuation⁴ is generally reserved for the movement of whole populations in order to safeguard them from some catastrophe, such as earthquakes, floods, operations of war or the like. A refugee⁵ has usually migrated on his own volition, though there may have been strong pressure on him to migrate because his continued stay in his country of origin may have exposed him to danger of persecution. A displaced person⁶ is a person who has been moved by a public authority from his place of origin. This move may have taken place as a result of large-scale displacement of population⁷ or population transfer⁷, or population exchange⁸.

809

The process by which immigrants adjust themselves to conditions in the area of destination falls into several categories: naturalization (331-1), the acquisition of legal citizenship; absorption¹ the entry into productive economic activity; assimilation³, integration into the social structure on terms of equality; and acculturation² the adoption of the customs and values of the population in the place of destination.

810

When immigrants from a particular territory do not assimilate in their new country but retain the customs of their place of origin (801-3), they are called a colony¹. When the receiving country is already inhabited, this raises problems of coexistence² between different populations. These may be solved by the fusion³ of the populations, i.e. by the disappearance of recognizable differences, or by the integration⁴ of one of the populations into the other. Segregation⁵ exists in a territory where two or more populations live but remain separated by barriers imposed by custom or by the force of law.

811

Migration policy¹ is one aspect of population policy (105-2). Most countries through their immigration laws², restrict the admittance of foreign nationals. These laws frequently provide for selective immigration³ of persons with certain specified characteristics. Some countries have established quota systems⁴ whereby the number of immigrants is fixed in relation to the national origin⁵. Measures designed to influence the redistribution of population⁶ within a country through internal migration (803-1) are usually more indirect in character.