Kamus Demografi Pelbagai Bahasa, Edisi Kedua, Volum Bahasa Malaysia

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710

Kajian mengenai reproduksi¹ atau penggantian penduduk¹ memberi perhatian kepada proses semulajadi di mana penduduk menggantikan bilangannya. Terdapat perbezaan antara reproduksi kasar³ atau penggantian kasar³, di mana ia tidak mengambilkira kematian sebelum berakhir tempoh reproduktif (620-1), dan reproduksi bersih⁴ atau penggantian bersih⁴ yang mengambilkira kematian dalam pengiraan.

711

Kadar penggantian¹ atau kadar reproduksi¹ digunakan untuk mengkaji penggantian indeks. Umumnya, kadar reproduksi adalah merujuk kepada kadar reproduksi wanita² atau kadar reproduksi ibu². Kadar reproduksi bersih³ wanita ditakrifkan sebagai purata bilangan anank perempuan yang masih hidup yang dilahirkan oleh wanita dalam kohort kelahiran (116-2) hipotesis wanita yang tertakluk kepada set kadar kesuburan umur tertentu (631-8) dan kadar kematian (401-2). Kadar reproduksi kasar⁴ wanita dikira berasaskan kepada andaian bahawa kematian sebelum berakhir umur reproduktif adalah sifar. Kadar reproduksi lelaki⁵ atau kadar reproduksi bapa⁵ boleh dikira dengan menggunakan kelahiran lelaki dan kohort kelahiran lelaki, dan jenis tertentu kadar reproduksi gabungan⁶ yang menggunakan kedua-dua jantina. Sekiranya pengalaman kohort sebenar digunakan dalam pengiraan kadar reproduksi, kadar reproduksi kohort⁷ atau generation reproduction rates⁷ are obtained. The mortality and the fertility rates used in the construction of these rates will refer to different periods of time. Where statistics of fertility by age are not available, the so-called replacement index⁸ may be used. This ratio relates the quotient of the population of children of a given age (as a rule those 0-4 years) to the number of women of childbearing age in the actual population, to the corresponding quotient in the stationary population (703-6).

712

Other replacement indices are also computed. For instance, the net reproduction rate is sometimes split into a legitimate component¹ and an illegitimate component². Again, a nuptial reproduction rate³has been computed, showing the number of legitimate daughters that will be born to a newly-born female if current rates of mortality, fertility, nuptiality and dissolution of marriage remain unchanged. Generally such rates are for females, but it would be possible to compute analogous rates for males.

713

The net reproduction rate (711-3) and the intrinsic rate of natural increase (703-1) are closely related to one another. The net reproduction rate measures the increase in the stable population (703-2) implied by the given age-specific fertility and mortality rates over a period equivalent to the mean length of a generation¹ or the mean interval between successive generations¹. This length of a female generation is equal to the mean age of mothers² giving birth to live daughters, with current age-specific fertility and mortality rates. Period reproduction rates are current indices (cf. 152) which relate to hypothetical cohorts³ or synthetic cohorts³.