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Kamus Demografi Pelbagai Bahasa, Edisi Kedua, Volum Bahasa Malaysia

Perbezaan antara semakan-semakan "71"

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=== 711 ===
 
=== 711 ===
  
{{TextTerm|Kadar penggantian|1|711|IndexEntry=kadar penggantian|OtherIndexEntry=kadar, penggantian}} atau {{TextTerm|kadar reproduksi|1|711|2|IndexEntry=kadar reproduksi|OtherIndexEntry=kadar, reproduksi}} digunakan untuk mengkaji penggantian indeks. Umumnya, kadar reproduksi adalah {{TextTerm|kadar reproduksi wanita|2|711|IndexEntry=kadar reproduksi wanita|OtherIndexEntry=kadar reproduksi, wanita}} atau {{TextTerm|kadar reproduksi ibu|2|711|2|IndexEntry=kadar reproduksi ibu|OtherIndexEntry=kadar reproduksi, ibu}}. The female {{TextTerm|net reproduction rate|3|711|OtherIndexEntry=reproduction rate, net}} is defined as the average number of live daughters that would be born to a hypothetical female {{NonRefTerm|birth cohort}} ({{RefNumber|11|6|2}}) which would be subjected to a set of current {{NonRefTerm|age-specific fertility}} ({{RefNumber|63|1|8}}) and {{NonRefTerm|mortality rates}} ({{RefNumber|40|1|2}}). A female {{TextTerm|gross reproduction rate|4|711|OtherIndexEntry=rate, gross reproduction}} is computed similarly on the assumption that mortality before the end of the reproductive age is zero. {{TextTerm|Male reproduction rates|5|711|IndexEntry=male reproduction rate|OtherIndexEntry=reproduction rate, male}} or {{TextTerm|paternal reproduction rates|5|711|2|IndexEntry=paternal reproduction rate|OtherIndexEntry=reproduction rate, paternal}} can be computed analogously using male births and a male birth cohort, and certain types of {{TextTerm|joint reproduction rates|6|711|IndexEntry=joint reproduction rate|OtherIndexEntry=rate, joint reproduction}} which take both sexes into account have been proposed. Where the experience of an actual cohort is used in the construction of reproduction rates, {{TextTerm|cohort reproduction rates|7|711|IndexEntry=cohort reproduction rate|OtherIndexEntry=rate, cohort reproduction}} or {{TextTerm|generation reproduction rates|7|711|2|IndexEntry=generation reproduction rate|OtherIndexEntry=reproduction rate, generation}} are obtained. The mortality and the fertility rates used in the construction of these rates will refer to different periods of time. Where statistics of fertility by age are not available, the so-called {{TextTerm|replacement index|8|711|OtherIndexEntry=index, replacement}} may be used. This ratio relates the quotient of the population of children of a given age (as a rule those 0-4 years) to the number of women of childbearing age in the actual population, to the corresponding quotient in the {{NonRefTerm|stationary population}} ({{RefNumber|70|3|6}}).
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{{TextTerm|Kadar penggantian|1|711|IndexEntry=kadar penggantian|OtherIndexEntry=kadar, penggantian}} atau {{TextTerm|kadar reproduksi|1|711|2|IndexEntry=kadar reproduksi|OtherIndexEntry=kadar, reproduksi}} digunakan untuk mengkaji penggantian indeks. Umumnya, kadar reproduksi adalah merujuk kepada {{TextTerm|kadar reproduksi wanita|2|711|IndexEntry=kadar reproduksi wanita|OtherIndexEntry=kadar reproduksi, wanita}} atau {{TextTerm|kadar reproduksi ibu|2|711|2|IndexEntry=kadar reproduksi ibu|OtherIndexEntry=kadar reproduksi, ibu}}. {{TextTerm|Kadar reproduksi bersih|3|711|OtherIndexEntry=kadar reproduksi, bersih}} wanita ditakrifkan sebagai purata bilangan anank perempuan yang masih hidup yang dilahirkan oleh wanita dalam {{NonRefTerm|kohort kelahiran}} ({{RefNumber|11|6|2}}) hipotesis wanita yang tertakluk kepada set {{NonRefTerm|kadar kesuburan umur tertentu}} ({{RefNumber|63|1|8}}) dan {{NonRefTerm|kadar kematian}} ({{RefNumber|40|1|2}}). {{TextTerm|Kadar reproduksi kasar|4|711|OtherIndexEntry=kadar, reproduksi kasar}} wanita dikira berasaskan kepada andaian bahawa kematian sebelum berakhir umur reproduktif adalah sifar. {{TextTerm|Kadar reproduksi lelaki|5|711|IndexEntry=kadar reproduksi lelaki|OtherIndexEntry=kadar reproduksi, lelaki}} atau {{TextTerm|kadar reproduksi bapa|5|711|2|IndexEntry=kadar reproduksi bapa|OtherIndexEntry=kadar reproduksi, bapa}} boleh dikira dengan menggunakan kelahiran lelaki dan kohort kelahiran lelaki, dan jenis tertentu {{TextTerm|kadar reproduksi gabungan|6|711|IndexEntry=kadar reproduksi gabungan|OtherIndexEntry=kadar, reproduksi gabungan}} yang menggunakan kedua-dua jantina. Sekiranya pengalaman kohort sebenar digunakan dalam pengiraan kadar reproduksi, {{TextTerm|kadar reproduksi kohort|7|711|IndexEntry=kadar reproduksi kohort|OtherIndexEntry=kadar, reproduksi kohort}} atau {{TextTerm|generation reproduction rates|7|711|2|IndexEntry=generation reproduction rate|OtherIndexEntry=reproduction rate, generation}} are obtained. The mortality and the fertility rates used in the construction of these rates will refer to different periods of time. Where statistics of fertility by age are not available, the so-called {{TextTerm|replacement index|8|711|OtherIndexEntry=index, replacement}} may be used. This ratio relates the quotient of the population of children of a given age (as a rule those 0-4 years) to the number of women of childbearing age in the actual population, to the corresponding quotient in the {{NonRefTerm|stationary population}} ({{RefNumber|70|3|6}}).
  
 
=== 712 ===
 
=== 712 ===

Semakan pada 07:53, 4 Februari 2013


Penolak tuntutan : Penaja Demopaedia tidak semestinya bersetuju dengan kesemua definisi yang terkandung dalam Kamus versi ini.

Pengharmonian edisi kedua Kamus Demografi Pelbagai Bahasa adalah suatu proses berterusan. Sila rujuk laman perbincangan untuk komen selanjutnya.


Pergi ke: Pengenalan Demopædia | Arahan penggunaan | Muat turun
Bab: Prakata | 1. Konsep umum | 2. Pengurusan dan pemprosesan statistik penduduk | 3. Taburan dan klasifikasi penduduk | 4. Mortaliti dan morbiditi | 5. Perkahwinan | 6. Kesuburan | 7. Pertambahan dan penggantian penduduk | 8. Mobiliti ruangan | 9. Aspek ekonomi dan sosial demografi
Muka: 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 40 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 50 | 51 | 52 | 60 | 61 | 62 | 63 | 70 | 71 | 72 | 73 | 80 | 81 | 90 | 91 | 92 | 93


710

Kajian mengenai reproduksi1 atau penggantian penduduk1 memberi perhatian kepada proses semulajadi di mana penduduk menggantikan bilangannya. Terdapat perbezaan antara reproduksi kasar3 atau penggantian kasar3, di mana ia tidak mengambilkira kematian sebelum berakhir tempoh reproduktif (620-1), dan reproduksi bersih4 atau penggantian bersih4 yang mengambilkira kematian dalam pengiraan.

711

Kadar penggantian1 atau kadar reproduksi1 digunakan untuk mengkaji penggantian indeks. Umumnya, kadar reproduksi adalah merujuk kepada kadar reproduksi wanita2 atau kadar reproduksi ibu2. Kadar reproduksi bersih3 wanita ditakrifkan sebagai purata bilangan anank perempuan yang masih hidup yang dilahirkan oleh wanita dalam kohort kelahiran (116-2) hipotesis wanita yang tertakluk kepada set kadar kesuburan umur tertentu (631-8) dan kadar kematian (401-2). Kadar reproduksi kasar4 wanita dikira berasaskan kepada andaian bahawa kematian sebelum berakhir umur reproduktif adalah sifar. Kadar reproduksi lelaki5 atau kadar reproduksi bapa5 boleh dikira dengan menggunakan kelahiran lelaki dan kohort kelahiran lelaki, dan jenis tertentu kadar reproduksi gabungan6 yang menggunakan kedua-dua jantina. Sekiranya pengalaman kohort sebenar digunakan dalam pengiraan kadar reproduksi, kadar reproduksi kohort7 atau generation reproduction rates7 are obtained. The mortality and the fertility rates used in the construction of these rates will refer to different periods of time. Where statistics of fertility by age are not available, the so-called replacement index8 may be used. This ratio relates the quotient of the population of children of a given age (as a rule those 0-4 years) to the number of women of childbearing age in the actual population, to the corresponding quotient in the stationary population (703-6).

712

Other replacement indices are also computed. For instance, the net reproduction rate is sometimes split into a legitimate component1 and an illegitimate component2. Again, a nuptial reproduction rate3has been computed, showing the number of legitimate daughters that will be born to a newly-born female if current rates of mortality, fertility, nuptiality and dissolution of marriage remain unchanged. Generally such rates are for females, but it would be possible to compute analogous rates for males.

713

The net reproduction rate (711-3) and the intrinsic rate of natural increase (703-1) are closely related to one another. The net reproduction rate measures the increase in the stable population (703-2) implied by the given age-specific fertility and mortality rates over a period equivalent to the mean length of a generation1 or the mean interval between successive generations1. This length of a female generation is equal to the mean age of mothers2 giving birth to live daughters, with current age-specific fertility and mortality rates. Period reproduction rates are current indices (cf. 152) which relate to hypothetical cohorts3 or synthetic cohorts3.


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Pergi ke: Pengenalan Demopædia | Arahan penggunaan | Muat turun
Bab: Prakata | 1. Konsep umum | 2. Pengurusan dan pemprosesan statistik penduduk | 3. Taburan dan klasifikasi penduduk | 4. Kematian dan morbiditi | 5. Perkahwinan | 6. Kesuburan | 7. Pertambahan dan penggantian penduduk | 8. Mobiliti ruangan | 9. Aspek ekonomi dan sosial demografi
Muka: 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 40 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 50 | 51 | 52 | 60 | 61 | 62 | 63 | 70 | 71 | 72 | 73 | 80 | 81 | 90 | 91 | 92 | 93