The Demopædia Encyclopedia on Population is under heavy modernization and maintenance. Outputs could look bizarre, sorry for the temporary inconvenience
Kamus Demografi Pelbagai Bahasa, Edisi Kedua, Volum Bahasa Malaysia
Perbezaan antara semakan-semakan "71"
(Mencipta laman baru dengan kandungan ' <!--'''71'''--> {{CurrentStatus}} {{Unmodified edition II}} {{Summary}} __NOTOC__ === 710 === The study of {{TextTerm|reproduction|1|710}} or {{TextTerm...') |
(→710) |
||
| Baris 9: | Baris 9: | ||
=== 710 === | === 710 === | ||
| − | + | Kajian mengenai {{TextTerm|reproduksi|1|710}} atau {{TextTerm|penggantian penduduk|1|710|2|OtherIndexEntry=penggantian, penduduk}} memberi perhatian kepada proses semulajadi di mana penduduk menggantikan bilangannya. Terdapat perbezaan antara {{TextTerm|reproduksi kasar|3|710|OtherIndexEntry=reproduksi, kasar}} atau {{TextTerm|penggantian kasar|3|710|2|OtherIndexEntry=penggantian, kasar}}, di mana ia tidak mengambilkira kematian sebelum berakhir tempoh reproduktif ({{RefNumber|62|0|1}}), dan {{TextTerm|reproduksi bersih|4|710|OtherIndexEntry=reproduksi, bersih}} atau {{TextTerm|penggantian bersih|4|710|2|OtherIndexEntry=penggantian, bersih}} yang mengambilkira kematian dalam pengiraan. | |
=== 711 === | === 711 === | ||
Semakan pada 04:12, 4 Februari 2013
| Penolak tuntutan : Penaja Demopaedia tidak semestinya bersetuju dengan kesemua definisi yang terkandung dalam Kamus versi ini. Pengharmonian edisi kedua Kamus Demografi Pelbagai Bahasa adalah suatu proses berterusan. Sila rujuk laman perbincangan untuk komen selanjutnya. |
|
Pergi ke: Pengenalan Demopædia | Arahan penggunaan | Muat turun |
710
Kajian mengenai reproduksi1 atau penggantian penduduk1 memberi perhatian kepada proses semulajadi di mana penduduk menggantikan bilangannya. Terdapat perbezaan antara reproduksi kasar3 atau penggantian kasar3, di mana ia tidak mengambilkira kematian sebelum berakhir tempoh reproduktif (620-1), dan reproduksi bersih4 atau penggantian bersih4 yang mengambilkira kematian dalam pengiraan.
711
In this study of replacement a number of indices, replacement rates1 or reproduction rates1 are used. Reproduction rates are generally female reproduction rates2 or maternal reproduction rates2. The female net reproduction rate3 is defined as the average number of live daughters that would be born to a hypothetical female birth cohort (116-2) which would be subjected to a set of current age-specific fertility (631-8) and mortality rates (401-2). A female gross reproduction rate4 is computed similarly on the assumption that mortality before the end of the reproductive age is zero. Male reproduction rates5 or paternal reproduction rates5 can be computed analogously using male births and a male birth cohort, and certain types of joint reproduction rates6 which take both sexes into account have been proposed. Where the experience of an actual cohort is used in the construction of reproduction rates, cohort reproduction rates7 or generation reproduction rates7 are obtained. The mortality and the fertility rates used in the construction of these rates will refer to different periods of time. Where statistics of fertility by age are not available, the so-called replacement index8 may be used. This ratio relates the quotient of the population of children of a given age (as a rule those 0-4 years) to the number of women of childbearing age in the actual population, to the corresponding quotient in the stationary population (703-6).
712
Other replacement indices are also computed. For instance, the net reproduction rate is sometimes split into a legitimate component1 and an illegitimate component2. Again, a nuptial reproduction rate3has been computed, showing the number of legitimate daughters that will be born to a newly-born female if current rates of mortality, fertility, nuptiality and dissolution of marriage remain unchanged. Generally such rates are for females, but it would be possible to compute analogous rates for males.
713
The net reproduction rate (711-3) and the intrinsic rate of natural increase (703-1) are closely related to one another. The net reproduction rate measures the increase in the stable population (703-2) implied by the given age-specific fertility and mortality rates over a period equivalent to the mean length of a generation1 or the mean interval between successive generations1. This length of a female generation is equal to the mean age of mothers2 giving birth to live daughters, with current age-specific fertility and mortality rates. Period reproduction rates are current indices (cf. 152) which relate to hypothetical cohorts3 or synthetic cohorts3.
* * *
|
Pergi ke: Pengenalan Demopædia | Arahan penggunaan | Muat turun |
