Kamus Demografi Pelbagai Bahasa, Edisi Kedua, Volum Bahasa Malaysia

Penolak tuntutan : Penaja Demopaedia tidak semestinya bersetuju dengan kesemua definisi yang terkandung dalam Kamus versi ini. Pengharmonian edisi kedua Kamus Demografi Pelbagai Bahasa adalah suatu proses berterusan. Sila rujuk laman perbincangan untuk komen selanjutnya.

620

The reproductive period¹ (or in women the childbearing period¹) begins at puberty². Menstruation³ — the appearance of the periods⁴ or menses⁴ in women — also begins at puberty. The first period is called the menarche⁵ and menstruation ceases with the menopause⁶, which is also sometimes called the climacteric⁶. In practice, the reproductive period is often made to start, by convention, at 15 years or at the minimum age at marriage (504-1) and, for some, to end at 45 or 50 year. The temporary absence of menstruation, be it normal or pathological, is called amenorrhea⁷. Pregnancy amenorrhea⁸ occurs after a conception, and post-partum amenorrhea⁹ after a confinement.

621

The capacity of a man, a woman or a couple to produce a live child is called fecundity¹. The lack of that capacity is called infecundity² or sterility²; inability to conceive³ and Templat:NewTextTerm are the main, but not the single causes of sterility. Used alone, sterility usually carries the connotation of irreversibility, but occasionally Templat:NewTextTerm and temporary sterility⁵ are distinguished from Templat:NewTextTerm and permanent sterility⁷. Among women we distinguish primary sterility⁸ where the woman has never been able to have children, and secondary sterility⁹, which arises after one or more children have been born.

622

The term temporary sterility (621-5) is used even in instances where a woman’s inability to conceive is not the result of a pathological condition.Women are said to have sterile periods¹ in each menstrual cycle², because generally conception can occur only during a few days around the time of ovulation³. The period of sterility that extends from conception (602-1) to the return of ovulation after a delivery, which includes pregnancy (602-5) and is influenced by the duration of breastfeeding⁴, is called the nonsusceptible period⁵, particularly in mathematical models of reproduction. Temporary sterility is also used to refer to the occurrence of anovulatory cycles⁶ (i.e., menstrual cycles in which ovulation does not occur) or to abnormal periods of amenorrhea. The sub-fecundity⁷ of very young women is commonly called adolescent sterility⁸; it would be better to talk about adolescent sub-fecundity⁸.

623

Fertility¹ and infertility² refer to reproductive performance rather than capacity, and are used according to whether there was actual childbearing or not during the period under review. When it concerns the complete reproductive period, the term Templat:NewTextTerm may be used while permanent infertility⁴ may extend from a certain age or marriage duration to the end of the childbearing years. Templat:NewTextTerm is used when the absence of procreation corresponds to a decision of the couple (503-8). It should be noted that in many Latin languages, the cognates of fertility and fecondity are used in a sense diametrically opposite to that in English. Thus, the French fécondité and the Spanish fecundidad are properly translated by fertility, and fertilité and fertilidad by fecondity.

624

The fertility (623-1) of couples will depend upon their reproductive behavior¹. A distinction is drawn between planners², couples who attempt to regulate the number and spacing (612-1*) of their births, and non-planners³, couples who make no such attempt. Family planning⁴ has a broader meaning than family limitation⁴ which refers to efforts not to exceed the number of children wanted⁵. The terms birth control⁶ or fertility regulation⁶ are not restricted to the activities of married persons.

625

Family planning implies a concern with planned parenthood¹ or responsible parenthood¹, i.e., the desire to determine the number and spacing of births in conformity with the best interest of each couple, or of society. The number of children expected by a couple may differ from the desired number of children² or intended number of children² reported by the couple in a survey. Even if these goals are not revised, they may be exceeded as a result of contraceptive failures³ ; the frequency of the latter depends on contraceptive effectiveness⁴ which has two aspects. Theoretical effectiveness⁵ or physiological effectiveness⁵ indicates how reliable a method is when used all the time according to directions. Use effectiveness⁶ measures its reliability when used in everyday situations by a given population. Reasoning in terms of residual fecundability (638-7), use effectiveness is usually measured by the contraceptive failure rate⁷ which relates the number of unintended conceptions to the length of exposure to the risk of conceiving.

• 2. In other terms, birth expectations differ from reproductive intentions. A distinction is made between desired family size, the number of children a woman, man or couple wants to have, and the ideal family size which they envision for their society. Intended family size may be lower than desired family size.
• 3. Unplanned births are often opposed to planned births.
• 4. 5. and 6. Efficacy is a synonym for effectiveness in these expressions.
• 4. Not to be confused with the demographic effectiveness of a family planning program (see 626-7), or of a method in a population.

626

A family planning program¹ seeks to introduce and diffuse birth control in a group of potential users² or in a target population². Teams of fieldworkers³, including canvassers³, motivators³ and distributors³, attempt to reach and convince the population to use contraception or abortion. The success of the program can be measured by the proportion of new acceptors⁴ in the target population, or by the acceptance rate⁴; for the acceptors of contraception, the continuation rate⁵ after a certain lapse of time and its complement, the termination rate⁶ or drop-out rate⁶ are also computed. Estimates of the numbers and proportions of births averted⁷ reflect the demographic effectiveness (625-4*) of the program. Contraceptive prevalence in a population is estimated by the proportion of current users⁸ of contraception from a relevant universe, such as married women of reproductive age.

627

Contraception¹ refers to measures which are taken in order to prevent sexual intercourse² or coitus² from resulting in conception; the term covers contraceptive sterilization (631-1). Birth control methods³ is used in a broader sense than contraceptive methods³ to include induced abortion (604-2). Abstinence⁴ from coitus, particularly periodic abstinence (628-4) is often included among contraceptive or birth control methods.

628

A distinction is frequently drawn between appliance methods¹ of contraception and non-appliance methods². One principal non-appliance method of contraception is coitus interruptus³ or withdrawal³. Another non-appliance method of contraception is periodic abstinence⁴ or the rhythm method⁴, in which coitus is avoided during the period when the woman is believed to be fecund and takes place only during the so-called safe period⁵ of the menstrual cycle. The basal body temperature method⁶ refers to the method in which the woman keeps track of her temperature to identify the safe period.

629

The barrier methods which are more commonly used alone or in combination include the condom¹ or sheath¹, used by men, and the cervical cap² or pessary², the diaphragm³, tampon⁴ or sponge⁴, contraceptive jelly⁵, suppository⁶, foam tablets⁷ and douche⁸ with or without spermicide⁹, used by women. There are various types of intra-uterine devices¹⁰ (abbreviated to IUD¹⁰), including the loop¹⁰ the coil¹⁰, the copper T¹⁰, etc.

630

Oral contraceptives¹ are a method of hormonal contraception² or contraception by steroids³. These inhibit ovulation by regular ingestion of the pill⁴, or by injections or implants.

631

Sterilization¹ results from various surgical procedures: on the male, vasectomy² or Templat:NewTextTerm involves tying and cutting the vas deferens; on the female tubal ligation⁴ and salpingectomy⁵ or tubectomy⁵ involve interventions on the fallopian tubes. Hysterectomy⁶ or excision of the uterus, also involves sterilization of the woman.

• 4. and 5. Various procedures are used to gain access to the Fallopian tubes, such as laparotomy, colpotomy or laparoscopy.