Kamus Demografi Pelbagai Bahasa, Edisi Kedua, Volum Bahasa Malaysia

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Kelahiran diklasifikasikan mengikut kesahan¹. Seorang kanak-kanak yang sah² mungkin ditakrifkan sebagai seorang yang mempunyai bapa dan ibu yang berkahwin pada masa perjaninan. Tetapi, pada amalannya, klasifikasi bergantung kepada status perkahwinan ibu pada masa kelahiran, selepas pembubaran perkahwinan (510-3) atau pada masa perjaninan. Kelahiran tersebut dipanggil kelahiran sah³; selain daripada itu adalah kelahiran tidak sah⁴. Kebiasaannya, kelahiran anak hasil daripada perjaninan sebelum perkahwinan⁵ atau perjaninan pranupsial⁵ (sebagai contoh perjaninan yang berlaku sebelum perkahwinan) dianggap sah dengan syarat ibu bapa adalah berkahwin pada masa kelahiran tersebut. Anak tidak sah⁶ atau anak luar nikah⁶ boleh disahkan⁸ atau disahtarafkan⁸ oleh perkahwinan kedua ibu bapanya. Proses pengesahtarafan⁹ yang berbeza mengikut negara mungkin memberikan anak-anak tidak sah beberapa atau kesemua hak bagi anak-anak sah. Di beberapa sistem perundangan, kemungkinan bapa boleh memberikan pengiktirafan⁷ atau penghargaan⁷ kepada anak tidak sah, sebagai contoh mengakuinya dalam borang yang beliau adalah bapa kepada anak tersebut.

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Births are also classified by birth order¹, e.g. first births, second births, etc. Birth order is usually determined by considering all previous births to the mother³, and sometimes only births of the present marriage². Birth order is generally based on live births only, but occasionally late foetal deaths are taken into account as well. A classification of women by confinement order⁴ is made in the same way as for births by counting all pregnancies which lasted at least 28 weeks, and reckoning multiple births as one confinement (cf. 603-4). Similarly a classification by pregnancy order⁵ is made by counting all known pregnancies. In medical parlance, a woman is called nulligravida⁶ if she has never been pregnant; the terms primigravida⁷ and multigravida⁸ respectively are used for a woman who is pregnant for the first time or who has been pregnant before. Women are also classified by parity⁹, usually on the basis of the number of children born alive, although in biological literature the term refers to the number of confinements, and a woman who has had no confinement at all is said to be a nullipara¹⁰ or nulliparous¹⁰. Similarly, a woman is termed a primipara¹¹ and deemed to be primiparous¹¹ at her first confinement and a multipara¹² or multiparous¹² at subsequent confinements.

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Studies of birth timing¹ deal with the length of birth intervals². These include the interval between marriage and the first birth³ and intervals between successive births⁴. The interval between a birth and a fixed date, such as that of a census (202-1 *) or survey (203-4), is called an open birth interval⁵; intervals that begin before and end after that date are called straddling intervals⁶. The interval between marriage and the N^th birth⁷ is also used to study the timing of births.

613

In computing the period of exposure to the risk of conception¹ it is necessary to consider pregnancy intervals². The interval between marriage and the first pregnancy is the conception delay³ or first pregnancy interval³. The period between the end of one pregnancy and the beginning of the next is the inter-pregnancy interval⁴. If the time when the woman had no sexual activity is subtracted, a net inter-pregnancy interval⁵ is obtained. The period between the end of the last pregnancy and the date of a survey is called an open inter-pregnancy interval⁶.