Kamus Demografi Pelbagai Bahasa, Edisi Kedua, Volum Bahasa Malaysia

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410

Mortaliti bagi anak kelahiran hidup yang belum mencapai umur setahun dipanggil mortaliti bayi¹. Mortaliti bagi anak kelahiran hidup yang mati sebelum mencapai umur empat minggu atau 28 hari yang dipanggil tempoh neo-natal³ dipanggil mortaliti neo-natal². Mortaliti semasa minggu pertama kelahiran dipanggil mortaliti awal neo-natal⁴. Istilah mortaliti post-neonatal⁵ merujuk kepada kematian selepas tempoh neo-natal, tetapi sebelum mencapai umur setahun.

411

The expression foetal mortality¹ is used for deaths prior to the complete expulsion or extraction from its mother of a product of conception (602-6) irrespective of the duration of pregnancy (603-3). The terms intra-uterine mortality¹ or mortality in utero¹ may also be used. The corresponding deaths are called foetal deaths² or intra-uterine deaths². Early foetal mortality³ occurs before the twentieth week of gestational life, while intermediate foetal mortality⁴ occurs between the twentieth and the 28th week of gestation. After the twenty-eighth week, one refers to late foetal mortality⁵ and the product is called a late foetal death⁵ or, popularly, a stillbirth⁵. Perinatal mortality⁶ includes late foetal mortality and a portion of infant mortality that may include either early neo-natal deaths, or all neo-natal deaths.

412

The ratios of deaths under one year of age¹, of deaths of less than 28 days, and of deaths of less than one week, occurring in a year, to the number of live births of the same year give respectively the infant mortality rate², the neo-natal mortality rate³ and the early neo-natal mortality rate⁴. These rates are generally expressed per one thousand live births. When deaths are cross-classified by age and year of birth, it is possible to divide the deaths under one year by the births in the two cohorts to which they belong. The resulting index is an adjusted infant mortality rate⁵ equivalent to a probability of dying before age one⁵. In the absence of such information separation factors⁶ may be estimated, which divide infant deaths into those occurring to infants born in the current calendar year and to infants born in the previous calendar year.

413

The proportion of late foetal deaths (411-5) among all births is called a late foetal mortality rate¹. The ratio of late foetal deaths to live births (601-4) is called a late foetal mortality ratio². A foetal mortality rate³ represents the number of known intra-uterine deaths per one thousand births in the same year while the foetal mortality ratio⁴ is the ratio of intra-uterine deaths to live births in a given year. These indices greatly understate intra-uterine mortality since early intra-uterine deaths frequently remain unobserved or unknown. A better measurement of intra-uterine mortality is provided by intra-uterine mortality tables⁵, a specialized application of the life table (cf. 432) which takes into account the duration of gestation. The perinatal mortality rate⁶ relates perinatal deaths (411-6*) to the sum of late foetal deaths and live births.

414

In the study of age-specific mortality¹, the terms infant mortality (410-2) and neo-natal mortality (410-3) refer to generally accepted time periods. The usage of such terms as child mortality², adult mortality⁴ or mortality of old age⁵ is not uniform. Post-infantile child death rate⁶ sometimes refers to the death rate between one and 4 years of age.