Kamus Demografi Pelbagai Bahasa, Edisi Kedua, Volum Bahasa Malaysia

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401

The study of mortality¹ deals with the effect of death on the population. The general terms mortality rate² or death rate² encompass all the rates (133-4) which measure the frequency of deaths³. Where the expression death rate is used without any qualifying adjective the crude death rate⁴ is usually meant (cf. 136-8 for a general discussion of crude rates). This is generally an annual rate and consists of the ratio of the annual number of deaths occurring during a calendar year to the number exposed to the risk of dying during the same period. This number is equivalent to the mean population⁵ or average population⁵ for the period, and the population at the mid-point of the period can usually be substituted for the average population without appreciable error, if the size of the population is changing fairly uniformly. If the mortality of a sub-population (101-6) only is studied, we speak of specific death rates (134-6) among which sex-age-specific death rates⁶ are the most common. Age specific death rates⁷ without distinction of sex are also used on occasion.

402

Specific death rates may be used to study differential mortality¹ or mortality differences¹ between groups, and reference is made to an excess mortality² of one group as compared with another, or with the rest of the population. It is measured by an Templat:NewTextTerm. The study of differences in the death rates of specific occupations is called the study of occupational mortality⁴. In a rather different sense the term occupational mortality⁵ may refer to the mortality from hazards associated with a particular occupation. Among these, we may mention occupational diseases⁶.

403

Crude death rates (401-4) will depend upon the structure [particularly the age structure (325-6)] of the population as well as on the level of mortality. If the mortality of different populations is to be compared standardized mortality rates¹ or adjusted mortality rates¹ are sometimes computed to eliminate the effect of differences in population structure (144-4). Age is the characteristic for which mortality rates are adjusted most frequently by reference to a standard population² with a given structure. If specific rates (134-6) for the population studied are available, it is possible to use the direct method of standardization³ which consists of applying these rates to the corresponding groups of the standard population. If specific rates are not available, it is still possible to obtain standardized mortality rates by the indirect method of standardization⁴. More frequently, comparative mortality indices⁵ are computed by applying standard mortality rates⁶ to the different groups of the population studied and summing these to obtain an expected number of deaths; the indices are then obtained by comparing the observed deaths⁷ in the population with the expected deaths⁸ which would have occurred had the standard rates applied.