Kamus Demografi Pelbagai Bahasa, Edisi Kedua, Volum Bahasa Malaysia

Penolak tuntutan : Penaja Demopaedia tidak semestinya bersetuju dengan kesemua definisi yang terkandung dalam Kamus versi ini. Pengharmonian edisi kedua Kamus Demografi Pelbagai Bahasa adalah suatu proses berterusan. Sila rujuk laman perbincangan untuk komen selanjutnya.

340

Penduduk boleh diklasifikasikan mengikut bahasa¹ atau dialek² yang digunakan. Terdapat perbezaan antara bahasa ibunda³ seseorang iaitu bahasa yang digunakan di rumah pada zaman kanak-kanak dan bahasa harian⁴ iaitu bahasa yang biasanya digunakan oleh seseorang. Perbezaan antara kedua-duanya adalah jelas dalam kalangan mereka yang dwibahasa⁵ atau berbilang bahasa⁵. Statistik berkaitan perkara ini dipanggil statistik bahasa⁶.

341

Statistik agama¹ membahagikan penduduk mengikut fahaman keagamaan. Terdapat perbezaan antara agama-agama² utama and pegangan mazhab-mazhab³, upacara-upacara⁴ atau sekta-sekta⁵. Individu yang tidak mempunyai agama adalah agnostik⁶, penganut bebas⁶ atau ateis⁶.

342

Penduduk selalunya diklasifikan mengikut status pendidikan¹. (Individu yang boleh membaca dan menulis dipanggil celik huruf²; mereka yang telah mencapai umur tertentu dan tidak boleh membaca dan menulis dipanggil buta huruf³. Statistik pencapaian pendidikan⁴ mengkelaskan individu mengikut pencapaian gred⁵, tahun bersekolah⁵ atau kadangkala mengikut umur pada berhenti sekolah⁶. Klasifikasi lain adalah berdasarkan kepada diploma⁷, ijazah⁷ atau sijil⁷ yang diperolehi, dan bergantung kepada peraturan⁸ di setiap negara.

343

The education system¹ includes all institutions, public and private providing instruction in a country. Where both types exist a distinction is made between public education² and private education³. After pre-school education⁴, it is usual to distinguish between three levels of education⁵ which are in ascending order: primary education⁶, secondary education⁷, itself often divided into several cycles⁸ or tracks⁸, and higher education⁹. The latter includes, among others, courses of study that lead to a university degree¹¹. Technical education¹² or vocational education¹² may be offered either at the secondary or higher education level.

344

Types of educational institutions¹ and their names are a function of each country’s particular educational system. Pre-school education (343-4) is offered in nursery schools² or kindergartens². The institutions that offer the three levels of education mentioned above (343-5) are usually called respectively: primary schools³ or elementary schools³, secondary schools⁴ and colleges⁵ or universities⁵; in addition to the latter, there may be various kinds of professional schools⁶.

345

A class¹ (cf. 130-8) is a group of pupils² with the same teacher³ who meet in the same class-room⁴ and are generally instructed simultaneously. A group of pupils who are at the same level of educational advancement are said to be in the same grade⁵ in the United States of America, or in the same class⁵ or form⁵ (cf. 206-1), in Great Britain. The term student⁶ is generally used for those receiving higher education, but is also interchangeable with "pupil" at the secondary level.

346

Current school statistics¹ may distinguish between the number of pupils enrolled² and the number of pupils in attendance³. A comparison of these two figures gives an attendance ratio⁴. Compulsory education⁵ implies the existence of a range of ages where school attendance is obligatory by law. This makes it possible to specify the number of children of school age⁶ or the school-age population⁷ according to a legal criterion.

347

Other statistics concern educational progression. An individual progresses normally grade by grade, from the lowest class of elementary school, to the end of his studies. Leaving school¹, where compulsory education is enforced, is exceptional during school age, barring illness or death. The dropout rate² is the probability of leaving school before obtaining a degree, either during the year or at the end of a grade, and it is constructed in the same way as a probability of dying in a life table; its complement to one is the retention rate³. Such rates can be used to compute a table of school life⁴, from which it is possible to infer the mean length of education⁵. At the end of the school year, pupils or students who do not terminate their studies, may either repeat the grade or move on to the next grade, with or without change of track⁶.