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Kamus Demografi Pelbagai Bahasa, Edisi Kedua, Volum Bahasa Malaysia
Perbezaan antara semakan-semakan "34"
(Mencipta laman baru dengan kandungan ' <!--'''34'''--> {{CurrentStatus}} {{Unmodified edition II}} {{Summary}} __NOTOC__ === 340 === The population may be classified by the {{TextTerm|languag...') |
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| − | + | Penduduk boleh diklasifikasikan mengikut {{TextTerm|bahasa|1|340}} atau {{TextTerm|dialek|2|340}} yang digunakan. Terdapat perbezaan antara {{TextTerm|bahasa ibunda|3|340|OtherIndexEntry=bahasa, ibunda}} seseorang or {{TextTerm|mother tongue|3|340|2|OtherIndexEntry=tongue, mother}} which is the language spoken in his home in his earliest childhood, and his {{TextTerm|usual language|4|340|OtherIndexEntry=language, usual}}, which is the language customarily used by him. The distinction between the two is not always very easy among people who are {{TextTerm|bilingual|5|340}} or {{TextTerm|multilingual|5|340|2}}. The statistics that present information on these topics are called {{TextTerm|statistics of language|6|340}}. | |
=== 341 === | === 341 === | ||
Semakan pada 08:47, 3 Jun 2013
| Penolak tuntutan : Penaja Demopaedia tidak semestinya bersetuju dengan kesemua definisi yang terkandung dalam Kamus versi ini. Pengharmonian edisi kedua Kamus Demografi Pelbagai Bahasa adalah suatu proses berterusan. Sila rujuk laman perbincangan untuk komen selanjutnya. |
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340
Penduduk boleh diklasifikasikan mengikut bahasa1 atau dialek2 yang digunakan. Terdapat perbezaan antara bahasa ibunda3 seseorang or mother tongue3 which is the language spoken in his home in his earliest childhood, and his usual language4, which is the language customarily used by him. The distinction between the two is not always very easy among people who are bilingual5 or multilingual5. The statistics that present information on these topics are called statistics of language6.
341
Religious statistics1 divide the population by religious affiliation. A distinction is generally drawn between the major religions2 and their principal denominations3, rites4 or sects5. Persons who have no religion may describe themselves as agnostics6, freethinkers6 or atheists6.
342
The population is also often classified by educational status1. ( Individuals who can read and write are called literate2; those who have reached a certain age and cannot are illiterate3. Often completion of a particular grade or level of schooling is assumed to confer literacy. Educational attainment statistics4 classify individuals by grade attainment5, years of school completed5 or, more rarely, by age at leaving school6. Another type of classification is based upon the diploma7, degree7 or certificate7 obtained, and depends on the organization of instruction8 in each country.
343
The education system1 includes all institutions, public and private providing instruction in a country. Where both types exist a distinction is made between public education2 and private education3. After pre-school education4, it is usual to distinguish between three levels of education5 which are in ascending order: primary education6, secondary education7, itself often divided into several cycles8 or tracks8, and higher education9. The latter includes, among others, courses of study that lead to a university degree11. Technical education12 or vocational education12 may be offered either at the secondary or higher education level.
344
Types of educational institutions1 and their names are a function of each country’s particular educational system. Pre-school education (343-4) is offered in nursery schools2 or kindergartens2. The institutions that offer the three levels of education mentioned above (343-5) are usually called respectively: primary schools3 or elementary schools3, secondary schools4 and colleges5 or universities5; in addition to the latter, there may be various kinds of professional schools6.
345
A class1 (cf. 130-8) is a group of pupils2 with the same teacher3 who meet in the same class-room4 and are generally instructed simultaneously. A group of pupils who are at the same level of educational advancement are said to be in the same grade5 in the United States of America, or in the same class5 or form5 (cf. 206-1), in Great Britain. The term student6 is generally used for those receiving higher education, but is also interchangeable with "pupil" at the secondary level.
346
Current school statistics1 may distinguish between the number of pupils enrolled2 and the number of pupils in attendance3. A comparison of these two figures gives an attendance ratio4. Compulsory education5 implies the existence of a range of ages where school attendance is obligatory by law. This makes it possible to specify the number of children of school age6 or the school-age population7 according to a legal criterion.
347
Other statistics concern educational progression. An individual progresses normally grade by grade, from the lowest class of elementary school, to the end of his studies. Leaving school1, where compulsory education is enforced, is exceptional during school age, barring illness or death. The dropout rate2 is the probability of leaving school before obtaining a degree, either during the year or at the end of a grade, and it is constructed in the same way as a probability of dying in a life table; its complement to one is the retention rate3. Such rates can be used to compute a table of school life4, from which it is possible to infer the mean length of education5. At the end of the school year, pupils or students who do not terminate their studies, may either repeat the grade or move on to the next grade, with or without change of track6.
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