Semakan pada 09:25, 20 Jun 2013

301

Statistik populasi biasanya dipersembahkan dalam bentuk taburan geografi bagi populasi¹ atau taburan ruangan bagi populasi¹, dan juga dalam bentuk struktur (144-4). Setiap populasi hidup dalam sesuatu kawasan² atau wilayah² (305-6), dan penyelidikan terhadap taburan geografi³ atau taburan ruangan³ adalah merujuk kepada cara di mana populasi tersebut ditaburkan mengikut wilayahnya.

302

Wilayah (301-2) di mana sesuatu populasi hidup boleh dibahagikan kepada beberapa sub-kawasan¹. Bagi tujuan pentadbiran, ia boleh dibahagikan mengikut kawasan pentadbiran², unit pentadbiran² atau daerah pentadbiran² yang kadangkala dikenali sebagai bahagian-bahagian sah² atau bahagian-bahagian politik². Ahli geografi membahagikan kawasan kepada bahagian-bahagian³ atau zon-zon⁴ yang mungkin atau tidak menyamai unit-unit pentadbiran. Istilah bahagian semualajadi⁵ dan bahagian ekonomi⁶ digunakan oleh ahli geografi. Istilah kawasan semulajadi⁷ digunakan dalam ekologi manusia (104-5) untuk mentakrifkan sesebuah kawasan yang dihuni oleh populasi yang mempunyai ciri-ciri yang berbeza.

303

Unit-unit pentadbiran adalah berbeza mengikut negara dan masa, oleh itu, ia meliputi situasi yang berbeza. Bahagian sivil yang kecil terdiri daripada bandar¹ dan kariah¹; bahagian sivil utama terdiri daripada negeri² atau wilayah², dan unit pertengahan selalunya dipanggil sebagai kaunti⁵ dan daerah⁶. Sebagai contoh bahagian pentadbiran utama di Kanada adalah bandar⁸, kaunti⁹ dan wilayah¹⁰.

304

Penduduk adalah sama ada tetap¹, sedentari¹, atau berpindah-pindah², cth., berhijrah dalam sesuatu kawasan dan tanpa kediaman tetap. Nomad yang dalam proses untuk menjadi tetap dipanggil separa-nomad³. Orang primitif yang mempunyai wilayah khusus diperuntukkan kepada mereka dipanggil simpanan orang asli⁴ atau perizaban⁴.

305

Negara¹ selalunya adalah wilayah (301-2) bagi orang² (cf. 333-3) atau sesuatu bangsa². Ahli-ahli kepada sesuatu bangsa secara umumnya berkongsi kebudayaan yang sama. Negeri³ adalah suatu badan politik. Istilah tersebut digunakan dalam dua aspek yang berbeza: most commonly a state is a body possessing full sovereignty in its territory and over its inhabitants. However, a number of federations⁴ of federal states⁴ are divided into smaller units which are also called states⁵ and whose sovereignty is not absolute (e.g. in the United States of America and Australia). The term territory⁶ (301-2) is generally used for a geographical area, but it is occasionally used to denote a political unit which has been settled relatively recently. A distinction is sometimes made between self-governing territories⁷ and non-self-governing territories⁸.

306

Within a territory (301-2), certain terms are used to describe different kinds of conglomerations¹ or aggregations¹ of population, sometimes known as population aggregates¹, population clusters¹ or more generally as localities¹. In rural areas, the smallest unit is referred to as a hamlet², which generally consists of a very small collection of houses. A slightly larger conglomeration is the village³ which is generally a small community and which may have a mainly agricultural population. A town⁴ or city⁴ is a larger conglomeration in which there are in general few people engaged in agriculture, but the point at which the transition from village to town or city occurs is difficult to specify and varies in different countries. The seat of government of a territory (in the sense of 305-1), is called its capital⁵. In a county, the place where the local government is situated is called the county town⁶ or county seat⁶. Towns and cities may be further divided into districts⁷ or quarters⁷ and for electoral purposes into wards⁷.

307

Continuously built-up areas may arise through the coalescence of neighboring localities which, while retaining their administrative independence, may constitute one agglomeration¹, containing a central city² and suburbs³ with specialized functions. The terms conurbation⁴ or metropolitan area⁴ are generally employed to designate a number of different agglomerations which, though geographically contiguous, have retained their own individuality. In many cases, however, the term conurbation is used as a synonym for agglomeration. The fusion of conurbations and large cities leads to the megalopolis⁵ or metropolitan belt⁵ which may extend over a large area.

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