Kamus Demografi Pelbagai Bahasa, Edisi Kedua, Volum Bahasa Malaysia

Penolak tuntutan : Penaja Demopaedia tidak semestinya bersetuju dengan kesemua definisi yang terkandung dalam Kamus versi ini. Pengharmonian edisi kedua Kamus Demografi Pelbagai Bahasa adalah suatu proses berterusan. Sila rujuk laman perbincangan untuk komen selanjutnya.

140

Purata¹ atau min¹ yang biasa digunakan dalam demografi adalah purata aritmetik² atau min aritmetik² yang terhasil daripada hasil tambah sesuatu siri kuantiti dan dibahagikan dengan bilangannya.. Apabila istilah purata atau min digunakan tanpa sebarang syarat tambahan, ia adalah merujuk kepada purata aritmetik. Min geometrik³ atau purata geometrik³ kadangkala digunakan apabila kesemua nilai yang diperhatikan adalah positif. Purata berpemberat⁴ atau min berpemberat⁴ diperolehi apabila item yang berbeza memberikan keutamaan yang berbeza dengan mendarabkan setiap item tersebut dengan faktor berpemberat⁵ atau pemberat⁵ tertentu. Median⁶ adalah nilai bagi elemen yang membahagikan sesuatu set⁷ pemerhatian kepada dua bahagian. Mod⁸ adalah nilai yang biasa dan kerap digunakan dalam sesuatu set pemerhatian.

141

The dispersion¹, scatter¹, variation¹ or variability¹ of a set of observations depends on the differences² or deviations² between its elements. Here the most common measures of dispersion³ only are mentioned. The range⁴ is the difference between the largest and the smallest values of a set of elements. The interquartile range⁵ is the difference between the first and the third quartiles (142-2) and contains half the observations in the set. The semi-interquartile range⁶, also called the quartile deviation⁶, which is half the interquartile range, is often taken as a measure of dispersion. The mean deviation⁷ or average deviation⁷ is the arithmetic mean (140-2) of the positive values of the deviations of the individual items from the average, the variance⁸ is the arithmetic mean of the squares of these deviations and the standard deviation⁹ is the square root of the variance.

142

If a series of observations is arranged in ascending order, values which have below them a certain proportion of the observations are referred to as quantiles¹ or order statistics¹ . The median (140-6) has been previously mentioned. Other important order statistics are the quartiles², the deciles³, and the percentiles⁴ or centiles⁴, which divide the observations into four, ten and a hundred equal parts respectively.

143

A variable is continuous¹ in a given interval when it can take on an infinite number of values between any two points contained in the interval. In the opposite case it is said to be discontinuous². Where a variable can take only certain isolated values it is called a discrete³ variable.

144

The arrangement of members of a population in various categories or classes of a specified attribute or variable produces a frequency distribution¹, often called a distribution¹ for short. The ratio of the number in the individual group or cell — the absolute frequency² or class frequency² — to the total number in all groups is called the relative frequency³ in that group. In demography the terms structure⁴ and composition⁴ are often used interchangeably to describe the distribution of characteristics such as age, sex, marital status, occupation, etc. Structure is sometimes used in a more restricted sense to describe the distribution of the population according to age and sex only.