The Demopædia Encyclopedia on Population is under heavy modernization and maintenance. Outputs could look bizarre, sorry for the temporary inconvenience

Kamus Demografi Pelbagai Bahasa, Edisi Kedua, Volum Bahasa Malaysia

11

Daripada Demopædia.
Semakan 94 pada 04:24, 1 September 2012 oleh Irwan Nadzif Mahpul (Perbincangan | sumb.) (page11)
(beza) ←Semakan sebelumnya | Semakan semasa (beza) | Semakan berikutnya→ (beza)
Lompat ke: pandu arah, cari


Penolak tuntutan : Penaja Demopaedia tidak semestinya bersetuju dengan kesemua definisi yang terkandung dalam Kamus versi ini.

Pengharmonian edisi kedua Kamus Demografi Pelbagai Bahasa adalah suatu proses berterusan. Sila rujuk laman perbincangan untuk komen selanjutnya.


Pergi ke: Pengenalan Demopædia | Arahan penggunaan | Muat turun
Bab: Prakata | 1. Konsep umum | 2. Pengurusan dan pemprosesan statistik penduduk | 3. Taburan dan klasifikasi penduduk | 4. Mortaliti dan morbiditi | 5. Perkahwinan | 6. Kesuburan | 7. Pertambahan dan penggantian penduduk | 8. Mobiliti ruangan | 9. Aspek ekonomi dan sosial demografi
Muka: 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 40 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 50 | 51 | 52 | 60 | 61 | 62 | 63 | 70 | 71 | 72 | 73 | 80 | 81 | 90 | 91 | 92 | 93


110

A fundamental statistical unit1 used in demography is the individual2 or person2 . The term head2 has also been employed but this usage is now largely out of date. The household3, a socio-economic unit, consists of individuals who live together. Statistical definitions of the household vary. According to the definition which has been recommended as an international standard a household consists of a group of individuals who share living quarters (120-1) and their principal meals. The term hearth3 has been used in the past, showing that in the past members of the household used to share the same fire. Classifications of households also vary between different countries and different enquiries. Most classifications involve the distinction of two types: private households4 and collective households5 . An individual living by himself is considered to be a one-person household6 . A boarder7 is a person other than a domestic servant, who is unrelated to other members of the household and who habitually takes his meals with the household. A lodger8 or roomer8, on the other hand, does not habitually take his meals with the household. These two categories may or may not be included in the household for statistical purposes.

  • 4. Private households are called family households when their members are related.
  • 5. Collective households may include institutional households composed of persons who reside in specifically designated institutions (e.g. hospitals, prisons, etc.). They may also include unrelated persons who reside in group quarters (120-1*) other than institutions. However, recent internationally recommended definitions restrict the terms household and household population to private households, and refer otherwise to persons not living in households.

111

When a private household (110-4) contains several persons they are called members of the household1 and one of them will be the head of the household2 . There is no universally accepted rule as to who is considered the head of the household; in some cases it may be the principal earner3. On most census schedules there appears a question dealing with the relationship4 (114-3*) of members of the household to its head. This enables a distinction to be made between different groups in composite households5 or complex households5 which contain members of more than one biological family or nuclear family (113-1). A composite or complex household can be disaggregated into several nuclei6, including a primary nucleus7 and secondary nuclei8. The nuclei are more commonly called families (112-1). The Templat:NewTextTerm is that of the household head when it is defined, the others are called Templat:NewTextTerm. Household size11 denotes the number of persons included in the household.

  • 2. The term householder is sometimes used to refer to the head of the household. The term headship is frequently encountered, as in headship ratio, the ratio of the number of heads of households by age, sex or other characteristics to the corresponding categories of population.
  • 6. The nucleus is also called a conjugal family unit.

112

The family1 (cf. § 113 and § 115) is a different unit which must be carefully distinguished from the household (110-3). It is defined primarily by reference to relationships which pertain to or arise from marriage, reproduction or adoption, all of which are regulated by law or custom. The fundamental relationships are those established between a couple by marriage — and that existing between a couple as parents2, i.e., father3 and mother4, and their children5, i.e., sons6 and daughters7 .

  • 2. Parent, n. - parental, adj. - parenthood, n.: the state of being or becoming a parent.
  • 3. Father, n. - paternal, adj.
  • 4. Mother, n. - maternal, adj.
  • 6. Son, n. - filial, adj.
  • 7. Daughter, n. - filial, adj.

113

Parents and their children are sometimes referred to as the biological family1, or nuclear family1 . Brothers2 and sisters3, without distinction of sex are called sibs4 or siblings4 . Siblings with only one parent in common are called half-brothers5 or half-sisters6. Extended families7 are larger family units generally composed of combinations of nuclear families. The Templat:NewTextTerm consists of three or more generations living in the same household or very close to each other. The Templat:NewTextTerm involves siblings with their spouses and their children living together. The vertically extended family can generate special types such as the Templat:NewTextTerm in which only the heir and his family may continue to reside with their parents.

  • 1. The term simple family and elementary family are frequent synonyms for the terms biological or nuclear family. In a restricted sense, such as in fertility analyses, the term biological family may refer to parents and their own children, excluding adopted children.
  • 7. The terms composite family and joint family are frequent synonyms for the term extended family. In the most general sense of the term, an extended family may refer to all members of a kinship group.

114

Persons related through common descent1 from the same progenitor2 or ancestor2 are called blood relatives3 or genetic relatives3 . The terms kin3 and in an aggregate sense kinship group3 are also used. The degree of relationship4 is generally computed by reference to the number of steps which are necessary before a common ancestor is reached, but there are many different methods of computation. The fundamental relation in each of these steps is the filial relation5 (cf. 112-6* and 112-7*) of child to parent, which is the reciprocal of parenthood6 (112-2*) i.e. the relation of a couple or of a father or a mother to offspring7 or progeny7 . Blood relationship must be distinguished from relationship by marriage8, which marriage establishes between one spouse and the kin of the other..

  • 1. Descent, n. - descendant, n.: one linked through descent
  • 2. Ancestor, n. - ancestral, adj.
  • 3. Relative, n. - related, adj. - relationship, n.: the state of being related. The term relative is used for persons related by blood or marriage.
    Kin, n. and adj. - kinship, n.: the state of being kin. Relatives is sometimes also used for the collection of all kin.
  • 7. Progeny, n.: this term may also be used for all of the descendants of a common ancestor.
  • 8. In certain countries persons related by marriage may be referred to as in-laws.

115

The family1 (cf. 112-1) as a unit in demographic studies representing all or part of a household (110-3) needs to be specifically defined, and definitions for different purposes may vary. A statistical family1 or census family1 generally consists of all members qf a household who are related through blood, adoption or marriage. A household may, or may not include a family. A statistical family cannot comprise more than one household, although a household may include more than one family. In some countries the definition of a statistical family may approximate to the biological family (113-1); in others the definition may be based on the family nucleus2 consisting of either a married couple without children, a married couple with one or more never-married children or one parent with one or more never-married children. These may either form the census family itself or be the core of such a family. Married couples living with their children are called Templat:NewTextTerm. A Templat:NewTextTerm is one in which one of the parents has been lost by death, divorce or desertion.}} Families where one parent, separated or widowed, lives with her children may be also be named Templat:NewTextTerm. Married couples, widowed or separated people who, at the time of the declaration, have no more children living in the household, may have special name, like in Germany, Templat:NewTextTerm. When these types of families are living within a household, they are called Templat:NewTextTerm.

  • 1. In the United States of America, a sub-family is a married couple with or without children, or a parent with one or more never-married children, under 18 years of age, living as members of a household and related to but not including the head of the household and his wife. In Great Britain, the primary family unit consists of parents and their children, the parents' sibs and ancestors.

116

In demographic literature, the term generation1 has been given a precise meaning and refers to a group of persons born within a specified period of time, generally taken as a calendar year. The term cohort2 denotes a group of persons who experience a certain event in a specified period of time: thus birth cohort is a synonym for generation in the sense of 116-1, a marriage cohort is a group of persons married within a defined period, etc. In demography as in genealogy the term generation3 may also be used to denote the descendants of a group of persons who are themselves a generation in the sense of 116-1. Thus the children of a group of migrants are often referred to as the second generation. Occasionally consideration is restricted to lines of descent through one sex only, thus a male generation4 or paternal generation4 are the sons of a generation of males, a female generation5 or maternal generation5 the daughters of a generation of females. These distinctions are normally used when the length of a generation or mean interval between successive generations is calculated. (cf. 713-1).

  • 2. Cohort, n.: the term cohort analysis is used to denote a method of analyzing data, in which the experience of individual cohorts is studied throughout their lives, or other specified periods.
    For purposes of military service the number of men who become liable to conscription in a given year is sometimes called the class of that year. In the United States the same term is used for a group of students who complete their studies at a particular school or university in a particular year.

* * *

Pergi ke: Pengenalan Demopædia | Arahan penggunaan | Muat turun
Bab: Prakata | 1. Konsep umum | 2. Pengurusan dan pemprosesan statistik penduduk | 3. Taburan dan klasifikasi penduduk | 4. Kematian dan morbiditi | 5. Perkahwinan | 6. Kesuburan | 7. Pertambahan dan penggantian penduduk | 8. Mobiliti ruangan | 9. Aspek ekonomi dan sosial demografi
Muka: 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 40 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 50 | 51 | 52 | 60 | 61 | 62 | 63 | 70 | 71 | 72 | 73 | 80 | 81 | 90 | 91 | 92 | 93