Kamus Demografi Pelbagai Bahasa, Edisi Kedua, Volum Bahasa Malaysia

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110

A fundamental statistical unit¹ used in demography is the individual² or person² . The term head² has also been employed but this usage is now largely out of date. The household³, a socio-economic unit, consists of individuals who live together. Statistical definitions of the household vary. According to the definition which has been recommended as an international standard a household consists of a group of individuals who share living quarters (120-1) and their principal meals. The term hearth³ has been used in the past, showing that in the past members of the household used to share the same fire. Classifications of households also vary between different countries and different enquiries. Most classifications involve the distinction of two types: private households⁴ and collective households⁵ . An individual living by himself is considered to be a one-person household⁶ . A boarder⁷ is a person other than a domestic servant, who is unrelated to other members of the household and who habitually takes his meals with the household. A lodger⁸ or roomer⁸, on the other hand, does not habitually take his meals with the household. These two categories may or may not be included in the household for statistical purposes.

111

When a private household (110-4) contains several persons they are called members of the household¹ and one of them will be the head of the household² . There is no universally accepted rule as to who is considered the head of the household; in some cases it may be the principal earner³. On most census schedules there appears a question dealing with the relationship⁴ (114-3*) of members of the household to its head. This enables a distinction to be made between different groups in composite households⁵ or complex households⁵ which contain members of more than one biological family or nuclear family (113-1). A composite or complex household can be disaggregated into several nuclei⁶, including a primary nucleus⁷ and secondary nuclei⁸. The nuclei are more commonly called families (112-1). The Templat:NewTextTerm is that of the household head when it is defined, the others are called Templat:NewTextTerm. Household size¹¹ denotes the number of persons included in the household.

112

The family¹ (cf. § 113 and § 115) is a different unit which must be carefully distinguished from the household (110-3). It is defined primarily by reference to relationships which pertain to or arise from marriage, reproduction or adoption, all of which are regulated by law or custom. The fundamental relationships are those established between a couple by marriage — and that existing between a couple as parents², i.e., father³ and mother⁴, and their children⁵, i.e., sons⁶ and daughters⁷ .

113

Parents and their children are sometimes referred to as the biological family¹, or nuclear family¹ . Brothers² and sisters³, without distinction of sex are called sibs⁴ or siblings⁴ . Siblings with only one parent in common are called half-brothers⁵ or half-sisters⁶. Extended families⁷ are larger family units generally composed of combinations of nuclear families. The Templat:NewTextTerm consists of three or more generations living in the same household or very close to each other. The Templat:NewTextTerm involves siblings with their spouses and their children living together. The vertically extended family can generate special types such as the Templat:NewTextTerm in which only the heir and his family may continue to reside with their parents.

114

Persons related through common descent¹ from the same progenitor² or ancestor² are called blood relatives³ or genetic relatives³ . The terms kin³ and in an aggregate sense kinship group³ are also used. The degree of relationship⁴ is generally computed by reference to the number of steps which are necessary before a common ancestor is reached, but there are many different methods of computation. The fundamental relation in each of these steps is the filial relation⁵ (cf. 112-6* and 112-7*) of child to parent, which is the reciprocal of parenthood⁶ (112-2*) i.e. the relation of a couple or of a father or a mother to offspring⁷ or progeny⁷ . Blood relationship must be distinguished from relationship by marriage⁸, which marriage establishes between one spouse and the kin of the other..

115

The family¹ (cf. 112-1) as a unit in demographic studies representing all or part of a household (110-3) needs to be specifically defined, and definitions for different purposes may vary. A statistical family¹ or census family¹ generally consists of all members qf a household who are related through blood, adoption or marriage. A household may, or may not include a family. A statistical family cannot comprise more than one household, although a household may include more than one family. In some countries the definition of a statistical family may approximate to the biological family (113-1); in others the definition may be based on the family nucleus² consisting of either a married couple without children, a married couple with one or more never-married children or one parent with one or more never-married children. These may either form the census family itself or be the core of such a family. Married couples living with their children are called Templat:NewTextTerm. A Templat:NewTextTerm is one in which one of the parents has been lost by death, divorce or desertion.}} Families where one parent, separated or widowed, lives with her children may be also be named Templat:NewTextTerm. Married couples, widowed or separated people who, at the time of the declaration, have no more children living in the household, may have special name, like in Germany, Templat:NewTextTerm. When these types of families are living within a household, they are called Templat:NewTextTerm.

116

In demographic literature, the term generation¹ has been given a precise meaning and refers to a group of persons born within a specified period of time, generally taken as a calendar year. The term cohort² denotes a group of persons who experience a certain event in a specified period of time: thus birth cohort is a synonym for generation in the sense of 116-1, a marriage cohort is a group of persons married within a defined period, etc. In demography as in genealogy the term generation³ may also be used to denote the descendants of a group of persons who are themselves a generation in the sense of 116-1. Thus the children of a group of migrants are often referred to as the Templat:NewTextTerm. Occasionally we also use the expression third or fourth generation. Generations can be qualified according to their current age and, for example, the Templat:NewTextTerm, the Templat:NewTextTerm or the Templat:NewTextTerm and the Templat:NewTextTerm while the age limits are often vague and therefore require clarification. Cohorts of people born during historical periods related to low birth rates (respectively high) can be referred as Templat:NewTextTerm (respectively Templat:NewTextTerm). Occasionally consideration is restricted to lines of descent through one sex only, thus a male generation⁴ or paternal generation⁴ are the sons of a generation of males, a female generation⁵ or maternal generation⁵ the daughters of a generation of females. These distinctions are normally used when the length of a generation or mean interval between successive generations is calculated. (cf. 713-1).